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Juan Cortina
Juan Nepomuceno Cortina Goseacochea (May 16, 1824–October 30, 1894), also known by his nicknames Cheno Cortina, ''the Red Robber of the Rio Grande and ''the Rio Grande Robin Hood'', was a Mexican rancher, politician, military leader, outlaw and folk hero. He is known for leading a paramilitary mounted Mexican Militia in the failed Cortina Wars. These "Wars" were raids targeting Anglo-American civilians, which Cortina didn't want settling near the several leagues of land granted to his wealthy family on both sides of the Rio Grande. Anglo families began immigrating to the Lower Rio Grande Valley after the Mexican Army was defeated by the Anglo-Mexican rebels of the Mexican State of Tejas, in the Texas Revolution. From 1836 to 1848 when Cortina was 12-24 years old, parts of the Cortina Grant North of the Rio Grande River was in the disputed territory between the Rio Grande and the Nueces Rivers, claimed by both Mexico and the Republic of Texas. The situation had a big impact on Cortina, and his perspective on government and power. When the United States defeated Mexico in the Mexican-American War in 1848, Mexico was forced to concede the disputed territory to Texas. Cortina opposed this concession. However, Cortina's Mexican Militia was easily defeated and forced to flee in to Mexico when the Texas Rangers, the United States Army and the local militia of Brownsville, Texas and Matamoros, Tamaulipas. According to Robert Elman, author of ''Badmen of the West'', Cortina was the first "''socially motivated border bandit,''" similar to Catarino Garza and Pancho Villa of later generations. His followers were known as the "Cortinistas."〔Elman, pg. 189-190〕
==Early life and political rising==
Juan Cortina was born in Camargo, Tamaulipas, the son of Estéfana Goseacochea and Trinidad Cortina, a wealthy cattle-ranching family. When he was 3, his family moved to the Rio Grande Valley, as his mother had inherited vast tracts of land in the area surrounding Matamoros and Brownsville. In 1846, at age 22, he joined the Mexican Army under the orders of Gen. Mariano Arista, who had arrived at Matamoros in an attempt to stop the advancing forces of Gen. Zachary Taylor. Arista asked Cortina to form a force from the local ''Vaqueros'' (Mexican antecedent of ''Cowboys'') who worked for him and the nearby ranches. This irregular cavalry regiment (called the ''"Tamaulipas"'') was placed under his command, and as the Mexican-American War began, it took part in the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma.
With the end of the War and the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on February 2, 1848, the Cortina family estates were divided by the new frontier, leaving a vast portion of their lands inside the United States territory. Cortina became an important political boss for the South Texas Democratic Party, and although the new local authorities invalidated many of his land claims, he remained a large rancher. Many landowners of Mexican descent suffered from this situation as well, and eventually Cortina came into conflict with an influential group of lawyers and judges of Brownsville, whom he accused of expropriating land from Mexican Texans or ''"Tejanos"'', who were unfamiliar with the American legal system. ''"Flocks of vampires, in the guise of men,"'' he wrote, robbed Mexicans ''"of their property, incarcerated, chased, murdered, and hunted them like wild beasts"''. Cortina's own skirmishes with the law steadily escalated, and he was indicted twice on charges of cattle theft. However, he was not arrested due to his already considerable popularity among the poorer ''Tejanos'', who considered this attempt to be nothing but another demonstration of legal harassment by the ''"Anglos"'' (the Texans of American origin) to their class. With the self-appointed purpose of defending the rights of this social group, Cortina gathered, trained and armed a private army, and on many occasions he used this force to resist the eviction of ''Tejanos'' from their lands. As a result, he became a popular leader among the poorer local population, who viewed him as a hero against the abuse of power by the ''Anglos''.
In 1858 a rumor was circulated that the last of the Karankawa were killed by Cortina. This was propaganda maneuvering by the Texas Rangers to anger the local Indians so they would reveal Cortina's location. The Karankawa consistently evaded Cortina and his men. The Karankawa were the native tribe who saved him and his mother after being left for dead when the newly arrived anglos attacked Cortina, and his family's villa (his first wife Maria Delores Tijerina, and their children were killed in this raid). Cortina had refused to sell his family's remaining land to outsiders, being embittered by his previous treatment from the anglo encroachers. He was determined to dwell on the land peaceably regardless of the incoming pressure of foreign settlers.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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